Journal Description
Oral
Oral
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on oral health published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 27.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 5.3 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review, and reviewer names published annually in the journal.
Latest Articles
The Public Health Approach to Oral Health: A Literature Review
Oral 2024, 4(2), 231-242; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral4020019 - 20 May 2024
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Background: Oral health (OH) has evolved beyond dental concerns to encompass psychosocial dimensions and overall well-being. This study reviews OH strategies within a public health framework to identify key elements for effective OH promotion. Methods: A literature review following PRISMA guidelines identified 42
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Background: Oral health (OH) has evolved beyond dental concerns to encompass psychosocial dimensions and overall well-being. This study reviews OH strategies within a public health framework to identify key elements for effective OH promotion. Methods: A literature review following PRISMA guidelines identified 42 relevant articles from 62 screened. Five themes emerged: group-level, individual-level, policy-level (emphasizing devising OH policies), healthcare delivery, and communication. Common components included OH education, behaviour change, access to OH services, and policy integration. Results: Thematic analysis identified five overarching themes in oral health (OH) promotion strategies, with a focus on tailored approaches for specific populations and components such as education, access to services, interventions, and policy, emphasizing the multifaceted nature of OH promotion. Conclusion: Effective OH promotion requires a multifaceted approach and tailored strategies with interprofessional collaboration. Future research should focus on cost-effectiveness and user-friendly resources for OH professionals and policymakers.
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Open AccessArticle
Variables Associated with Jaw Clicking in a South Australian Population: A Cross-Sectional Study
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Taseef Hasan Farook, Lameesa Ramees and James Dudley
Oral 2024, 4(2), 217-230; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral4020018 - 10 May 2024
Abstract
Background: The influence of medical and dental factors on jaw clicking within the South Australian population remains unexplored, and there is a lack of research on the impact of occlusal therapy on dynamic jaw movement parameters in this population. Purpose: This study investigated
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Background: The influence of medical and dental factors on jaw clicking within the South Australian population remains unexplored, and there is a lack of research on the impact of occlusal therapy on dynamic jaw movement parameters in this population. Purpose: This study investigated the potential significant associations between specific aspects of patient histories, occlusal therapy, and self-reported or observed jaw clicking in a population from the state of South Australia. Methods: Seventy individuals aged 18 to 65 participated in a cross-sectional study. Data collection included comprehensive medical, social, and dental histories, followed by evaluations of jaw function. Twenty-six out of the seventy individuals reported jaw clicking. Electrognathography assessed maximum mouth opening, surface electromyography evaluated masticatory muscle function, and joint vibration analysis measured individual joint vibration amplitudes and integrals. Logistic regression models analysed overall variable effects, while sub-models focused on predictors related to occlusal therapy, specifically orthodontic intervention. Independent t-tests and Mann–Whitney U tests compared jaw functions between participants who received occlusal therapy and those who did not. Results: The number of third molars extracted, vitamin D deficiency, and self-reported mental health disorders (R2 = 0.414, p = 0.048) emerged as significant predictors for jaw clicking. Factors associated with occlusal therapy showed no significant association with jaw clicking (R2 = 0.59, p = 0.027). Furthermore, there were no significant differences observed in mouth opening (t-stat = −0.439, p = 0.662), muscle activity, and joint vibration analysis between participants who underwent occlusal therapy and those who did not. Conclusions: Within the selected study population and limited sample size, the number of third molars extracted, vitamin D deficiency, and self-reported mental health disorders were associated with jaw clicking.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health in the Global South)
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Open AccessArticle
Mechanical Properties of Direct Composite Resins and CAD/CAM Composite Blocks
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João Carlos Ramos, Alfredo Marinho, Ana Messias, Gabriela Almeida, Alexandra Vinagre and Ricardo Dias
Oral 2024, 4(2), 206-216; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral4020017 - 3 May 2024
Abstract
The widespread application of CAD/CAM technology in contemporary dentistry led to the development of promising restorative materials, such as resin composite blocks (RCBs). Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the mechanical properties of RCBs, comparing this material to the direct composite resin
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The widespread application of CAD/CAM technology in contemporary dentistry led to the development of promising restorative materials, such as resin composite blocks (RCBs). Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the mechanical properties of RCBs, comparing this material to the direct composite resin from the same manufacturer. Samples retrieved from three CAD/CAM resin composite blocks (Tetric CAD (TC), Ivoclar Vivadent, Grandio blocs (GB), VOCO GmbH and Brilliant Crios (BC), Coltene/Whaledent) and four direct composite resins (Tetric EvoCeram (TEC), Ivoclar Vivadent, GrandioSO (GS), VOCO GmbH, Brilliant EverGlow Translucent (BET) and Universal Shade (BEU), Coltene/Whaledent) were submitted to three-point bending flexural test and Vickers microhardness test. The resulting data of the flexural strength were analyzed using one-way ANOVA considering Bonferroni correction for post hoc tests (α = 0.05). The flexural modulus and Vickers microhardness results were analyzed using Welch’s ANOVA considering Games–Howell correction for post hoc tests (α = 0.05). Regarding results, flexural strength and flexural modulus values ranged from 81.1 MPa (BEU) to 246.5 MPa (GB) and 10.6 GPa (BEU) to 20.3 GPa (GB), respectively. GS (121.2) and GB (136.2) groups were associated with the highest microhardness values. According to the post hoc tests, statistically significant differences in flexure strength were found in RCBs (BC, GB, and TC) compared to all direct composite resins. Flexural modulus and Vickers microhardness of RCBs (BC, GB, TC) were also significantly different from the direct composite resin (BET, BED, and TEC), except when comparing GS and GB for microhardness. In conclusion, differences between RCBs and direct composite resins were observed regarding flexural strength, flexural modulus, and microhardness, revealing that RCBs have enhanced mechanical properties compared to direct composite resins.
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(This article belongs to the Collection Synthesis, Testing and Mechanical Behavior of Dental Biomaterials at Different Clinical Parameters)
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Open AccessArticle
Anatomical Bone Characteristics of the Buccal Step Insertion Site for Mini-Screw Placement in Orthodontic Treatment: A CBCT Study
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Nicola Derton, Angela Mirea Bellocchio, Elia Ciancio, Serena Barbera, Andrea Caddia, Niki Arveda and Riccardo Nucera
Oral 2024, 4(2), 196-205; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral4020016 - 1 May 2024
Abstract
Background: To analyze the anatomical characteristics of a posterior area in the mandible localized distally to the second molars and extending in the vestibular direction toward the bony step, which we define as “buccal step”, in a patient with different skeletal patterns for
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Background: To analyze the anatomical characteristics of a posterior area in the mandible localized distally to the second molars and extending in the vestibular direction toward the bony step, which we define as “buccal step”, in a patient with different skeletal patterns for mini-screw insertion. Methods: The sample included 85 CBCT (cone beam computed tomography) records selected from the digital archive. Analysis focused on the buccal step area. Sections were obtained in axial view using reference lines, and measurements of cortical and total bone were taken at specific points M0 (starting point, 6 mm apical from CEJc—cementoenamel junction crest), M2 (located 2 mm posterior to M0 in the apical direction), and M4 (positioned 4 mm posterior to M0 in the apical direction) in both directions. Six measurements were recorded for each scan root plane, assessing cortical and total bone depth. Results: The thickness of the bone increases toward the inside of the mouth at all tested sites (M0, M2, M4), which is good for placing mini-screws. Cortical bone thickness decreases toward the inside of the mouth, with no significant differences among the sites except for M0 vs. M4. People with a particular jaw shape (hypo-divergent) have a thicker cortical bone, indicating that facial structure affects bone thickness. Conclusions: The posterior buccal step insertion site has biomechanical advantages and reduces the risk of damaging roots during mini-screw insertions.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Orthodontics: A New Era for Improved Diagnosis and Treatment Options)
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Open AccessArticle
Comparative Analysis of Dental Health Outcomes from Two Outreach Camps in Zanzibar, Tanzania: 2019 and 2023
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Nutayla Al Harthy, Mohammed Al Ismaili and Abubaker Qutieshat
Oral 2024, 4(2), 185-195; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral4020015 - 24 Apr 2024
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Background: In low- and middle-income countries, oral health is frequently marginalized due to limited dental care access. This cross-sectional study assesses the outcomes of dental outreach camps in Zanzibar, Tanzania, organized in 2019 and 2023, to understand their impact on addressing local oral
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Background: In low- and middle-income countries, oral health is frequently marginalized due to limited dental care access. This cross-sectional study assesses the outcomes of dental outreach camps in Zanzibar, Tanzania, organized in 2019 and 2023, to understand their impact on addressing local oral health needs over a four-year span. Methods: The study involved a thorough examination and analysis of clinical dental health data from both outreach camps. In 2019, 224 patients were examined, and in 2023, the number increased to 354. The assessment covered various dental health parameters, including dental caries, DMFT/dmft indices, enamel fluorosis, dental trauma, oral mucosa lesions, and non-carious tooth surface loss. Results: The analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in dental caries among adolescents and teens, decreasing from 62.5% in 2019 to 35.59% in 2023 (p < 0.0001). Similarly, the prevalence of teeth missing due to caries showed marked reductions from 40.2% to 9.04% in adolescents and teens (p < 0.0001) and from 25.89% to 11.86% among preschool and school-aged children (p = 0.004). Moreover, a significant change was observed in the Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE) scores, with cases showing no erosive tooth wear (BEWE = 0) decreasing from 49.1% to 33.3% (p = 0.016), and cases with initial loss of enamel surface texture (BEWE = 1) increasing from 47.3% to 61% (p = 0.044). Conclusions: The outreach camps conducted in 2019 and 2023 showed tangible improvements in certain dental health metrics, particularly a reduction in dental caries and missing teeth due to caries among adolescents and teens. However, the uptick in non-carious tooth surface loss points to emerging dental health concerns. These results underline the importance of sustained and targeted dental health interventions to improve oral health outcomes in underserved communities such as Zanzibar.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health in the Global South)
Open AccessSystematic Review
The Effectiveness of Aligners in the Treatment of Anterior Open Bite in Adult Patients: A Systematic Review and Critical Appraisal
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Tainá Iunes, Afonso Pinhão-Ferreira and Vanda Urzal
Oral 2024, 4(2), 173-184; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral4020014 - 22 Apr 2024
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An anterior open bite is a dental malocclusion, the diagnosis of which is fundamental for its treatment. With the evolution of artificial intelligence, it is possible to treat it through the Invisalign G4 protocol, depending on the degree of severity. The aim of
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An anterior open bite is a dental malocclusion, the diagnosis of which is fundamental for its treatment. With the evolution of artificial intelligence, it is possible to treat it through the Invisalign G4 protocol, depending on the degree of severity. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review, based on the PICO strategy, to evaluate the effectiveness of aligners and accessory devices in adult patients with anterior open bites. The search was carried out in the following databases for publications over the last ten years: PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and LILACS. The inclusion criteria were clinical studies evaluating adults with anterior open bites (overbites < 0 mm) and orthodontic studies with aligners. The exclusion criteria were studies of cases with dentofacial deformities, previous orthodontic treatment, history of surgery/trauma, or systemic diseases that affect craniofacial growth, as well as animal studies, reviews, and clinical cases. The selection was carried out separately by two researchers. In the four databases, 108 articles were obtained. By reviewing the titles and abstracts and applying the exclusion criteria, 91 articles were eliminated. The seven resulting articles were submitted to the inclusion criteria, two of which were excluded due to their lack of patients presenting an open bite and the absence of aligner treatment. According to the PRISMA method, five studies were selected. The collected data showed an increase in overbites with the use of aligners. The bias assessment was performed with the ROBINS-I tool, indicating a moderate risk of bias. The included studies demonstrated the effectiveness of aligners in the treatment of adults with mild or moderate open bites; however, due to the lack of scientific evidence, it is necessary to carry out randomized studies with the same standardized variables.
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Open AccessArticle
Experimental Evaluation of a Novel Device to Quantify Canal Cleanliness: An In Vitro Study
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Lorenzo Arcuri, Gianluca Gambarini, Alessio Zanza, Luca Testarelli, Claudio Arcuri, Randolph Cross and Massimo Galli
Oral 2024, 4(2), 163-172; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral4020013 - 7 Apr 2024
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Endodontic treatments are performed to avoid extractions and maintain the natural dentition. Root canal treatments are undertaken to eliminate or prevent an infection within the root canal system. Chemical and mechanical root canal debridement are the main methods used in endodontics to remove
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Endodontic treatments are performed to avoid extractions and maintain the natural dentition. Root canal treatments are undertaken to eliminate or prevent an infection within the root canal system. Chemical and mechanical root canal debridement are the main methods used in endodontics to remove necrotic tissue, microorganisms, and microbial byproducts from the canal. However, to date there is no objective method to clinically determine the proper root canal disinfection level and thus proceed with the obturation. Clinicians just rely on their experience and habits or can trust in empirical methods such as the insertion of paper cones inside the canal and then check their appearance after the removal. Even in the in vitro and ex vivo scientific studies there is no objective method to analyze and compare the efficacy of different endodontic chemo-mechanical techniques and materials. The most frequently used method is to visually analyze some areas with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), even if the resulting images are hardly quantifiable and could greatly vary according to the analyzed area. A new device to clinically test the cleanliness of a root canal and display the result in an objective score was recently developed. The device analyzes the luminescence generated by an enzyme cycling method that process the adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) present in organic residues. The aim of the present in vitro study was to test the efficacy and reliability of this novel device (Endocator) in a controlled in vitro environment, before using it in clinical practice. The device sensitivity was tested on 5 single canal resin blocks. Three consecutive sampling were executed by one operator for each block to test the device repeatability. Results were recorded according to Endoscore (ES) and relative light unit (RLU) scales. Descriptive analysis and comparison between the 5 resin blocks and the 3 consecutive sampling were performed. Only the comparison between the first and third measurements both for ES (p = 0.00115999) and RLU (p = 0.00532749) resulted significant. Endocator was able to determine small variations of canal contamination in a controlled laboratory environment, showing high sensitivity and repeatability.
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Open AccessSystematic Review
Use of Biosensors within the Oral Environment for Systemic Health Monitoring—A Systematic Review
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Natalie Archer, Sa’ada Ladan, Henry T. Lancashire and Haralampos Petridis
Oral 2024, 4(2), 148-162; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral4020012 - 30 Mar 2024
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Scientific advances in biosensor technology are leading to the potential of wearable biosensors for salivary biomarker detection. This review aims to identify the current status of intraoral biosensor technology that can be used to monitor systemic diseases. A total of 11 studies were
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Scientific advances in biosensor technology are leading to the potential of wearable biosensors for salivary biomarker detection. This review aims to identify the current status of intraoral biosensor technology that can be used to monitor systemic diseases. A total of 11 studies were identified for inclusion, which included nine different devices, including modified mouthguards, retainers, toothbrushes, and dental floss. Out of the 11 studies, 8 studied continuous biomarker monitoring, and the remaining 3 were point-of-care applications. A total of seven biomarkers were studied, six of which investigated the intraoral detection of salivary glucose levels using glucose oxidase enzyme. All the sensors demonstrated excellent sensitivity (minimum R = 0.9928) and selectivity. The study designs were proof of concept, with five studies including in vivo components. We concluded that while there are established links between salivary biomarkers and systemic health, there is a lack of mature intraoral biosensor research. Refinement of biosensor design and data analysis is required to improve patient acceptability by promoting more discrete, real-time, low-cost, and wireless devices. Further research that utilises the biosensor technology in large controlled clinical trials will be required to confirm clinical applicability before intraoral biosensor technology can be integrated into routine health monitoring.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Issues in Oral Health)
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Open AccessCase Report
Hybrid Orthodontics for Aesthetic Deep Bite Correction—Case Series and General Clinical Considerations
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Akila Aiyar, Giuseppe Scuzzo, Giacomo Scuzzo and Carlalberta Verna
Oral 2024, 4(2), 126-147; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral4020011 - 30 Mar 2024
Abstract
Background: A range of psychosocial and aesthetic factors motivate patients to undergo orthodontic treatment. The appliance choice depends not only on the type of malocclusion, but also on the aesthetic and functional demands of the patients themselves. Nowadays, digital planning enables the manufacture
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Background: A range of psychosocial and aesthetic factors motivate patients to undergo orthodontic treatment. The appliance choice depends not only on the type of malocclusion, but also on the aesthetic and functional demands of the patients themselves. Nowadays, digital planning enables the manufacture of individualised and customised orthodontic appliances. However, the predictability of movements with aligner treatment has long been under discussion. This article illustrates, through a series of case reports, how a hybrid approach combining individualised aesthetic orthodontic appliances can improve the predictability of tooth movements, thereby providing additional tools for clinicians charged with choosing the best indicated and biomechanically advantageous technique. To this end, three patients with different malocclusions were treated via a hybrid approach involving clear aligners in the upper arch followed by lingual fixed appliances in the upper and lower arches. All patients were treated using ALIAS lingual PSL 0.018 × 0.018-inch slot brackets and in-house 3D-printed aligners. Findings: The hybrid approach combining aligners and fixed lingual appliances led to the successful resolution of all three complex cases in the series without prolonging treatment time. The superimpositions demonstrate the predictability of even traditionally difficult movements. In particular, the Alias PSL lingual system, used from the beginning, enabled good control of both the torque and inclination of the lower incisors. Conclusions: Combining clear aligners and fixed lingual appliances provides a highly efficient means of treating malocclusions aesthetically. In our cases, the aligners offset the lack of bite-plate effect from the lingual brackets and appliances, providing advantageous biomechanics for rotation correction and control of tip, torque and root movements. Understanding how to exploit the strengths of each appliance enables the clinician to treat adult patients efficaciously, efficiently and aesthetically.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Orthodontics: A New Era for Improved Diagnosis and Treatment Options)
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Open AccessReview
The Most Common Types of Bias in a Human Bitemark Analysis
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Tayyaba Masood, Scheila Mânica and Hemlata Pandey
Oral 2024, 4(1), 113-125; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral4010010 - 7 Mar 2024
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Given that some suspected perpetrators were wrongly convicted, a defective bitemark analysis is comparable to dentists’ most crucial clinical decisions regarding assessment. Bias affects human bitemark analysis beyond the limitation of the evidence itself. The aim of this study was to explore the
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Given that some suspected perpetrators were wrongly convicted, a defective bitemark analysis is comparable to dentists’ most crucial clinical decisions regarding assessment. Bias affects human bitemark analysis beyond the limitation of the evidence itself. The aim of this study was to explore the potential for different types of bias in bitemark analysis and the methods involved in that analysis by conducting a scoping review. Results showed that the 14 articles that explore the topic of bias in bitemark analysis were published from 2006-2022. Publications were from the USA mainly (n = 7), followed by the UK (n = 3), Australia (n = 2), New Zealand, (n = 1) and the Netherlands (n = 1). Of these publications, 36% addressed contextual bias, while 57% acknowledged cognitive bias. According to the findings, preventive measures consist of limiting the availability of unrelated data during research, employing several comparison samples for a more impartial assessment, and repeating the analysis while being blind to past findings. Nevertheless, the physical limitations of the evidence such as distortions are still strongly present.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Forensic Dentistry)
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Open AccessArticle
Evaluation of Enamel Volume Loss after Exposure to Energy Drinks
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Karen A. Schulze, Noëlle M. Santucci, Bina Surti, Stefan Habelitz, Mouchumi Bhattacharyya and Warden Noble
Oral 2024, 4(1), 101-112; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral4010009 - 23 Feb 2024
Abstract
Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the erosive potential of various commercial energy drinks (EDs), sports drinks (SDs), and sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) and to correlate quantitative changes in tooth enamel volume loss based on the pH and titratable acidity of the
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Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the erosive potential of various commercial energy drinks (EDs), sports drinks (SDs), and sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) and to correlate quantitative changes in tooth enamel volume loss based on the pH and titratable acidity of the drinks. Methods: A flat plane on the facial surface of 36 human incisor teeth was created and embedded in sample holders using resin. After pre-scanning with a profilometer (Proscan 2000, Scantron, Ind Products Ltd., Taunton, UK), the six samples per group were immersed for 4 h into either Monster Energy™ (ED), Rockstar™ (ED), Red Bull™ (ED), or 5-h Energy™ (ED) and, for comparison with a sports drink, Gatorade™ (SD) and a sugar sweetened beverage, Coca-Cola® (SSB). After immersion and post-scanning, the quantitative volume loss of the tooth enamel of the 36 samples was calculated (Proscan 3D software V2.1.1.15B), and the pH and titratable acidity (TA) of each drink was determined. Results: All drinks tested caused enamel volume loss. The actual amount varied among the different drinks, from 0.39 mm3 for Red Bull™, up to 1.01 mm3 for Gatorade™. The pH measurements differed for each drink, ranging from 2.6 to 3.7. There was a small reverse correlation of 0.326 between the pH of all drinks and volume loss. Among the energy drinks, titratable acidity was similar and there was only a weak correlation between TA and volume loss (0.319 at p = 0.53). Conclusions: Energy drinks, sugar sweetened beverages, and sport drinks all have the potential to cause enamel tooth surface loss resulting in demineralization. Therefore, the pH of a drink cannot be the sole determinant for choosing a less harmful commercial beverage.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Issues in Oral Health)
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Open AccessArticle
Teaching of Forensic Dentistry in Khartoum, Sudan
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Sarah Hag Ali, Ademir Franco, Emilio Nuzzolese and Scheila Mânica
Oral 2024, 4(1), 90-100; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral4010008 - 4 Feb 2024
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Background: Dental professionals assist with legal and criminal matters through the practice of forensic dentistry which has evolved over the past century and is now a crucial component of undergraduate dental education in many nations. The need for formal training in the subject
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Background: Dental professionals assist with legal and criminal matters through the practice of forensic dentistry which has evolved over the past century and is now a crucial component of undergraduate dental education in many nations. The need for formal training in the subject and its inclusion in dental curricula were acknowledged and addressed in the 1960s and 1970s. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the teaching of forensic dentistry in dental universities of Khartoum, Sudan, and to propose certain topics and teaching criteria to be standardized in forensic dentistry teaching in Sudan. Materials and methods: An observational, descriptive study was conducted, involving all undergraduate dental institutions in Khartoum, Sudan. Institutional websites were searched using the Google search engine to obtain the dental program curricula in English. The curricula were then analyzed to identify the presence of forensic odontology/dentistry teaching. Results: Of the 19 universities included in the study, five (26.3%) teach forensic dentistry in their undergraduate curricula, whereas 12 (63.1%) do not. Two universities (10.6%) indicated the presence of forensic dentistry teaching in their curricula but did not provide actual instruction. The teaching of forensic dentistry mainly occurred during the second, third, and fourth years of the dental program. Three universities considered it an independent subject, while two universities incorporated it into oral and maxillofacial pathology. Four universities provided lectures only, while one university combined lectures and practical sessions. Qualified forensic dentists taught the subject in four universities, while one university had general dentists as instructors. The main topics delivered are: (1) introduction to forensics, (2) human identification, (3) dental age estimation, (4) interpretation of bitemarks, (5) DNA in forensics, and (6) child abuse. Conclusion: Forensic dentistry training is currently undervalued in Sudan due to various limitations. It is recommended that all dental schools in Sudan offer opportunities for students to learn and become acquainted with forensic dentistry as part of their dental programs. The Sudanese Dental Council should establish formal coordination with academic institutions and experienced forensic dentists to ensure the quality and relevance of the proposed modular course within the educational system. Finally, additional topics including dental record-keeping and dental malpractice are suggested for inclusion in the current modules.
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Open AccessReview
Treatment Strategies for Incisors of Children Affected by Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: A Narrative Review
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Berkant Sezer and Burak Çarıkçıoğlu
Oral 2024, 4(1), 74-89; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral4010007 - 1 Feb 2024
Abstract
Today, molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH), which affects approximately one in seven children, is defined as a hypomineralized developmental enamel defect that often impacts at least one permanent first molar and frequently affects permanent incisors as well. Symptoms and signs include demarcated opacities of
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Today, molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH), which affects approximately one in seven children, is defined as a hypomineralized developmental enamel defect that often impacts at least one permanent first molar and frequently affects permanent incisors as well. Symptoms and signs include demarcated opacities of various colors, post-eruptive enamel deterioration, atypical caries and restorations, hypersensitivity, tooth loss due to MIH, and difficulty in achieving anesthesia. A detailed review of the scientific literature shows that there are many studies evaluating different treatment approaches for permanent first molars affected by MIH. On the other hand, there are very few scientific studies evaluating treatment approaches for affected incisors in patients with MIH. Most of these studies consist of case reports or series. White/creamy and/or yellow/brown demarcated opacities are commonly observed in affected incisors in patients with MIH. While these opacities increase the susceptibility of enamel to deterioration and dental caries, they also cause aesthetic problems and related psychosocial consequences. Treatment methods, such as resin infiltration, microabrasion, and/or dental bleaching, have been proposed for aesthetic and restorative purposes in affected incisors in patients with MIH. Additionally, various approaches to increase mineral content and relieve hypersensitivity have been recommended. The number of randomized controlled and prospective studies is quite low, but many case reports and case series have been encountered. The purpose of this review was to provide a comprehensive overview of the different treatment management modalities for permanent incisors affected by MIH. As a result, while resin infiltration, dental bleaching, microabrasion, and/or etch–bleach–seal techniques are preferred for aesthetic and restorative purposes in these teeth, it has been observed that agents containing casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate, casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate, fluoride, and calcium glycerophosphate increase the mineral content. Additionally, studies have reported that ozone and low-level laser therapy, in addition to these remineralizing agents, reduce hypersensitivity in these teeth. Although the findings of this review indicate that the level of evidence for current approaches is not high, clinicians may prefer one or more of the treatment approaches mentioned in this article based on experience and patient expectations.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Issues in Oral Health)
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Open AccessFeature PaperReview
Periodontitis and Alzheimer’s Disease: Is There a Connection?
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William Lundergan, Kavitha Parthasarathy and Navid Knight
Oral 2024, 4(1), 61-73; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral4010006 - 22 Jan 2024
Abstract
The oral health/systemic health connection has been an area of research interest that increased dramatically during the 1990s. Periodontal disease has been associated with a number of systemic conditions, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, pre-term low-birth-weight infants, respiratory conditions, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and Alzheimer’s
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The oral health/systemic health connection has been an area of research interest that increased dramatically during the 1990s. Periodontal disease has been associated with a number of systemic conditions, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, pre-term low-birth-weight infants, respiratory conditions, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and Alzheimer’s disease. Inflammation is the obvious link that connects periodontal disease with these conditions, but is this association casual or causal? We will address the biologic plausibility, evidence from human studies, evidence from animal studies, and therapeutic interventions as we review the current understanding of the link between periodontitis and Alzheimer’s disease.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Issues in Oral Health)
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Open AccessReview
Intentional Dental Modifications in the African Population
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Candy Kgabi, Scheila Manica and Hemlata Pandey
Oral 2024, 4(1), 50-60; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral4010005 - 18 Jan 2024
Abstract
(1) This research paper aims to conduct a comprehensive review of the existing scientific literature on intentional dental modifications within the African population. By synthesizing and analysing studies, this paper aims to shed light on the prevalence, cultural significance, and forensic implications of
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(1) This research paper aims to conduct a comprehensive review of the existing scientific literature on intentional dental modifications within the African population. By synthesizing and analysing studies, this paper aims to shed light on the prevalence, cultural significance, and forensic implications of intentional dental modifications. (2) A scoping review was conducted according to PRISMA for Scoping Reviews and a search performed in June 2023 on the three electronic databases Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. (3) The search resulted in 30 studies and showed that intentional dental modifications, also referred to as nontherapeutic dental modifications, are prevalent across the African population for reasons linked to traditional medicine, ethnic affiliation, and individualism, with the highest-reported modification being infant oral mutilation at 53%, followed by tooth filing at 10%, and others such as lip plates, diastema piercings, dental avulsion, dental tattooing, crowns, and oral piercings. (4) The quality and quantity of the available literature on intentional dental modifications in the African population is limited due to bias in reporting, as most studies are those of individuals with severe health complications. The data gathered from this study could further aid in the analysis and identification of nontherapeutic dental modifications, be used in profiling, and assist in the estimation of population affiliation.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Forensic Dentistry)
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Open AccessArticle
Effectiveness of Bioactive Toothpastes against Dentin Hypersensitivity Using Evaporative and Tactile Analyses: A Randomized Clinical Trial
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Roberta Caroline Bruschi Alonso, Letícia de Oliveira, Jaqueline Alves Batista Silva, Williane Bernadete Bezerra dos Santos, Lúria Ribeiro de Souza Laranja Ferreira, Ricardo Danil Guiraldo, Fabiano Vieira Vilhena and Paulo Henrique Perlatti D’Alpino
Oral 2024, 4(1), 36-49; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral4010004 - 10 Jan 2024
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The objective of this study was to investigate and compare the effectiveness of toothpastes containing bioactives to relieve dentin hypersensitivity with that of a commercial desensitizing toothpaste containing REFIX technology, associated or not with a calcium booster. In this double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, multi-center
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The objective of this study was to investigate and compare the effectiveness of toothpastes containing bioactives to relieve dentin hypersensitivity with that of a commercial desensitizing toothpaste containing REFIX technology, associated or not with a calcium booster. In this double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, multi-center clinical trial, thirty-two volunteers diagnosed with dentin hypersensitivity and qualified to participate were randomized into four groups: (1) Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief; (2) Sensodyne Repair & Relief; (3) Regenerador Sensitive; and (4) Regenerador Sensitive, associated with a calcium booster. Evaporative and tactile tests were used to check for dentin hypersensitivity in the test subjects. The participants brushed their teeth with one of the toothpastes, and dentin hypersensitivity was immediately tested using a visual analogue scale (VAS), in which the pain was rated on a scale of 0 to 10. Dentin hypersensitivity was measured after one week and after one month of the subjects continuing to use the toothpaste three times per day. Data were statistically analyzed with a non-parametric Friedman test for dependent data (α = 0.05). All toothpastes reduced dentin hypersensitivity. In the evaporative test, Sensodyne Protect & Repair and Regenerador Sensitive, associated with the calcium booster, exhibited faster and more effective results in reducing pain caused by dentin hypersensitivity, even after the first use. Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief was effective only after one week of use. All toothpastes performed well in the tactile test for treating dentin hypersensitivity, and their performance improved over time. Sensodyne Repair & Protect presented the highest overall pain remission after one month (84.6%). The bioactive toothpastes reduced, to a different extent, the tooth hypersensitivity reported by the volunteers. Sensodyne Repair & Relief and Regenerador Sensitive, associated or not with a calcium booster, presented faster and more effective results in reducing pain caused by dentin hypersensitivity.
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Open AccessReview
Future Prospects and Challenges in Additive Manufacturing for Complete Dentures: A Narrative Review
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Mariya Dimitrova, Angelina Vlahova, Yavor Kalachev, Rada Kazakova and Saverio Capodiferro
Oral 2024, 4(1), 23-35; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral4010003 - 26 Dec 2023
Cited by 2
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The utilization of computer-assisted design and computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD/CAM) techniques in the creation of complete dentures (CDs) has piqued the interest of many people. This article seeks to provide a comprehensive, critical, and objective analysis of the current knowledge of CDs and related
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The utilization of computer-assisted design and computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD/CAM) techniques in the creation of complete dentures (CDs) has piqued the interest of many people. This article seeks to provide a comprehensive, critical, and objective analysis of the current knowledge of CDs and related technology. The aim of this study is to assess existing literature concerning 3D-printed complete dentures, covering aspects like innovative biomaterials, manufacturing methods and processes, workflow, and clinical effectiveness. The design of the current study included an initial review of 172 titles, an appraisal of abstracts, and finally a selection of articles for rigorous textual analysis. Inconsistencies discovered throughout the selection process were amicably resolved through discourse, culminating in the identification of 65 items. The publications retrieved from a thorough search of the PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases spanned the years 1994 to 2023. Contemporary digital technology provides evident advantages, but its successful incorporation necessitates meticulous preparation. In the realm of dental healthcare, the digital workflow showcases versatility and a range of applications.
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Open AccessReview
Zirconia Implants: A Mapping Review
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Steven J. Sadowsky
Oral 2024, 4(1), 9-22; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral4010002 - 25 Dec 2023
Abstract
The advent of zirconia ceramics with excellent mechanical, biomechanical, and optical properties has made them attractive metal-free substitutes for titanium implants. Both animal and human studies have documented shortcomings with titanium implants. A mapping review of the current literature on three iterations of
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The advent of zirconia ceramics with excellent mechanical, biomechanical, and optical properties has made them attractive metal-free substitutes for titanium implants. Both animal and human studies have documented shortcomings with titanium implants. A mapping review of the current literature on three iterations of zirconia implant designs has been challenging due to heterogeneous success data and limited follow-up. Zirconia implants hold promise for a new generation of dental implants, but technical developments are needed for design and material enhancements that will need to be validated by long-term rigorous studies.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Issues in Oral Health)
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Open AccessArticle
The Use of Fine Arts to Enhance Visualization and Describing Skills in a First-Year Dental Anatomy Course: A Qualitative Study
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Geetha Siddanna, Bradley Smith, Andrea Mantesso, Vidya Ramaswamy, Tracy de Peralta and Elisabeta Karl
Oral 2024, 4(1), 1-8; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral4010001 - 21 Dec 2023
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(1) Background: In this qualitative study, we investigated the implementation of an art-based observation workshop as a tool to improve visualization and interpretation skills in a cohort of first-year dental students (N = 109) in a dental anatomy course. (2) Methods: The art
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(1) Background: In this qualitative study, we investigated the implementation of an art-based observation workshop as a tool to improve visualization and interpretation skills in a cohort of first-year dental students (N = 109) in a dental anatomy course. (2) Methods: The art workshop was held once for a total of 60 min in the pre-clinical simulation laboratory, which is the regular teaching setting for the dental anatomy course. Visualization and interpretation skills were assessed before (pre-test) and after the art-based observation workshop (post-test). The pre- and post-tests contained five images that guided students to describe dental anatomy images. The pre- and post-test had different but similar images. Dental students accessed the pre- and post-tests on CANVAS and recorded their answers. After that, the audio recording files were analyzed and compared to determine the frequency of use of dental anatomy-specific nomenclature while answering the pre- and post-test. (3) Results: Our results demonstrate that students used dental anatomy-specific nomenclature more frequently after the intervention. (4) Conclusions: we have concluded that students’ use of dental anatomy nomenclature in the first-year dental anatomy curriculum is enhanced following an art-based intervention in a regular dental simulation laboratory.
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Open AccessCase Report
Idiopathic Mandibular Osteosclerosis: A Case of Complex Diagnosis
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Alexandre Perez, Avigaïl Mamane and Tommaso Lombardi
Oral 2023, 3(4), 572-579; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral3040046 - 11 Dec 2023
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The purpose of this study is to report a case of idiopathic osteosclerosis of the mandible and to discuss the differential diagnosis of this lesion. A 17-year-old female was referred to the University Hospital of Geneva by her orthodontist following the fortuitous finding
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The purpose of this study is to report a case of idiopathic osteosclerosis of the mandible and to discuss the differential diagnosis of this lesion. A 17-year-old female was referred to the University Hospital of Geneva by her orthodontist following the fortuitous finding of a radio-opaque lesion in the right posterior mandible at the apex of tooth 44. Intraoral clinical examination revealed no abnormalities of the oral mucosa. Tooth 44 was asymptomatic and reacted positively to the sensitivity test. The orthopantomogram revealed a well-defined unilocular radiodense lesion, surrounded by a thin radiolucent border, measuring 10 × 33 mm, located in the IV quadrant, related to the apex of tooth 44. Differential diagnoses mainly included cementoblastoma, focal cemento-osseous dysplasia, ossifying fibroma, condensing osteitis and idiopathic osteosclerosis. The biopsy material allowed a diagnosis of idiopathic osteosclerosis. The proposed treatment was therefore a “wait and see” approach. After 2 years of follow-up, the patient was asymptomatic, and healing was complete without any neurosensory complications. Our case underlines the differential diagnosis complexity of radio-opaque lesions associated with teeth.
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