Journal Description
Viruses
Viruses
is a peer-reviewed, open access journal of virology, published monthly online by MDPI. The American Society for Virology (ASV), Spanish Society for Virology (SEV), Canadian Society for Virology (CSV), Italian Society for Virology (SIV-ISV), Australasian Virology Society (AVS) and others are affiliated with Viruses and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, MEDLINE, PMC, Embase, PubAg, AGRIS, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Virology) / CiteScore - Q1 (Infectious Diseases)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 13.8 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.5 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Companion journals for Viruses include: COVID and Zoonotic Diseases.
Impact Factor:
4.7 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
4.8 (2022)
Latest Articles
Exosomes as Conduits: Facilitating Hepatitis B Virus-Independent Hepatitis D Virus Transmission and Propagation in Hepatocytes
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 825; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060825 - 22 May 2024
Abstract
A number of research studies, including ours, have spotlighted exosomes as critical facilitators of viral dissemination. While hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission through exosomes has been studied, the focus on its satellite virus, the hepatitis delta virus (HDV), has been unexplored in this
[...] Read more.
A number of research studies, including ours, have spotlighted exosomes as critical facilitators of viral dissemination. While hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission through exosomes has been studied, the focus on its satellite virus, the hepatitis delta virus (HDV), has been unexplored in this context. HDV, although being a defective virus, can replicate its genome autonomously within hepatocytes, independently of HBV. Investigations on Huh7 cells revealed an intriguing phenomenon: the HDV proteins, S-HDAg and L-HDAg, are transmitted between cells without a complete viral structure. Detailed analysis further revealed that the expression of these proteins not only bolstered exosome secretion but also ensured their enrichment within these vesicles. Our experimental approach utilized transfection of various plasmids to examine the role of HDV RNA and proteins in the process. One salient finding was the differential propagation of the HDV proteins S-HDAg and L-HDAg, suggesting intricate molecular mechanisms behind their transmission. Notably, the purity of our exosome preparations was monitored using markers such as TSG101 and CD81. Importantly, these exosomes were found to carry both HDV RNA and proteins, highlighting their role in HDV dissemination. This novel study underscores the role of exosomes in mediating the transmission of HDV components between hepatocytes independent of HBV. These revelations about the exosomal pathway of HDV transmission provide a foundation for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies against HDV infections.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Human Virology and Viral Diseases)
Open AccessArticle
Discovery and Genomic Characterization of a Novel Hepadnavirus from Asymptomatic Anadromous Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus)
by
Clayton Raines, Jan Lovy, Nicolas Phelps, Sunil Mor, Terry Fei Fan Ng and Luke Iwanowicz
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 824; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060824 - 22 May 2024
Abstract
The alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) is an anadromous herring that inhabits waters of northeastern North America. This prey species is a critical forage for piscivorous birds, mammals, and fishes in estuarine and oceanic ecosystems. During a discovery project tailored to identify potentially emerging
[...] Read more.
The alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) is an anadromous herring that inhabits waters of northeastern North America. This prey species is a critical forage for piscivorous birds, mammals, and fishes in estuarine and oceanic ecosystems. During a discovery project tailored to identify potentially emerging pathogens of this species, we obtained the full genome of a novel hepadnavirus (ApHBV) from clinically normal alewives collected from the Maurice River, Great Egg Harbor River, and Delaware River in New Jersey, USA during 2015–2018. This previously undescribed hepadnavirus contained a circular DNA genome of 3146 nucleotides. Phylogenetic analysis of the polymerase protein placed this virus in the clade of metahepadnaviruses (family: Hepadnaviridae; genus: Metahepadnavirus). There was no evidence of pathology in the internal organs of infected fish and virions were not observed in liver tissues by electron microscopy. We developed a Taqman-based quantitative (qPCR) assay and screened 182 individuals collected between 2015 and 2018 and detected additional qPCR positives (n = 6). An additional complete genome was obtained in 2018 and it has 99.4% genome nucleotide identity to the first virus. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms were observed between the two genomes, including 7/9 and 12/8 synonymous vs nonsynonymous mutations across the polymerase and surface proteins, respectively. While there was no evidence that this virus was associated with disease in this species, alewives are migratory interjurisdictional fishes of management concern. Identification of microbial agents using de novo sequencing and other advanced technologies is a critical aspect of understanding disease ecology for informed population management.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Identifying and Characterizing Viral Infections in Reptiles, Amphibians, Fish and Other Aquatic Species)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Mapping the CP-Transgene Insert in the Papaya Genome and Developing a Hermaphrodite Transgenic Hybrid with Broad-Spectrum Resistance to Papaya Ringspot Virus
by
Shyi-Dong Yeh, Ya-Chi Lin, Ching-Shan Tseng, Chih-Chi Liao, Chung-Hao Huang, Shin-Lan Wang, Ya-Ling Huang and Chia-Peng Chang
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 823; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060823 - 22 May 2024
Abstract
Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) limits papaya production worldwide. Previously, we generated transgenic lines of hybrid Tainung No.2 (TN-2) carrying the coat protein (CP) gene of PRSV with broad resistance to PRSV strains. Unfortunately, all of them were female, unacceptable for growers and consumers
[...] Read more.
Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) limits papaya production worldwide. Previously, we generated transgenic lines of hybrid Tainung No.2 (TN-2) carrying the coat protein (CP) gene of PRSV with broad resistance to PRSV strains. Unfortunately, all of them were female, unacceptable for growers and consumers in practical applications. With our reported flanking sequences and the newly released papaya genomic information, the CP-transgene insert was identified at a non-coding region in chromosome 3 of the papaya genome, and the flanking sequences were verified and extended. The female transgenic line 16-0-1 was first used for backcrossing with the parental Sunrise cultivar six times and then followed by selfing three times. With multi-level molecular markers developed from the PRSV CP transgene and the genomic flanking sequences, the presence and zygosity of the CP transgene were characterized at the seedling stage. Meanwhile, hermaphrodite genotype was identified by a sex-linked marker. With homozygotic transgene and horticultural properties of Sunrise, a selected hermaphrodite individual was propagated by tissue culture (TC) and used as maternal progenitor to cross with non-transgenic parental cultivar Thailand to generate a new hybrid cultivar TN-2 with a hemizygotic CP-transgene. Three selected hermaphrodite individuals of transgenic TN were micropropagated by TC, and they showed broad-spectrum resistance to different PRSV strains from Taiwan, Hawaii, Thailand, and Mexico under greenhouse conditions. The selected clone TN-2 #1, with excellent horticultural traits, also showed complete resistance to PRSV under field conditions. These selected TC clones of hermaphrodite transgenic TN-2 provide a novel cultivation system in Taiwan and elsewhere.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Resistance to Viral Infections)
Open AccessArticle
Airborne Influenza Virus in Daycare Centers
by
Jia Lin Zhang, Yu-Chun Wang, Yi Lien Lee, Chun-Yuh Yang and Pei-Shih Chen
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 822; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060822 - 22 May 2024
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the concentration of airborne influenza virus in daycare centers and influencing factors, such as common cold prevalence, air pollutants, and meteorological factors. A total of 209 air samples were collected from daycare centers in Kaohsiung and the influenza
[...] Read more.
In this study, we investigated the concentration of airborne influenza virus in daycare centers and influencing factors, such as common cold prevalence, air pollutants, and meteorological factors. A total of 209 air samples were collected from daycare centers in Kaohsiung and the influenza virus was analyzed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Air pollutants and metrological factors were measured using real-time monitoring equipment. Winter had the highest positive rates of airborne influenza virus and the highest prevalence of the common cold, followed by summer and autumn. The concentration of CO was significantly positively correlated with airborne influenza virus. Daycare center A, with natural ventilation and air condition systems, had a higher concentration of airborne influenza A virus, airborne fungi, and airborne bacteria, as well as a higher prevalence of the common cold, than daycare center B, with a mechanical ventilation system and air purifiers, while the concentrations of CO2, CO, and UFPs in daycare center A were lower than those in daycare center B. We successfully detected airborne influenza virus in daycare centers, demonstrating that aerosol sampling for influenza can provide novel epidemiological insights and inform the management of influenza in daycare centers.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Viruses)
Open AccessArticle
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Design Using Structure-Based Machine-Learning Models
by
Thomas C. McCarty and Iosif I. Vaisman
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 821; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060821 - 22 May 2024
Abstract
When designing live-attenuated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine candidates, attenuating mutations can be developed through biologic selection or reverse-genetic manipulation and may include point mutations, codon and gene deletions, and genome rearrangements. Attenuation typically involves the reduction in virus replication, due to direct
[...] Read more.
When designing live-attenuated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine candidates, attenuating mutations can be developed through biologic selection or reverse-genetic manipulation and may include point mutations, codon and gene deletions, and genome rearrangements. Attenuation typically involves the reduction in virus replication, due to direct effects on viral structural and replicative machinery or viral factors that antagonize host defense or cause disease. However, attenuation must balance reduced replication and immunogenic antigen expression. In the present study, we explored a new approach in order to discover attenuating mutations. Specifically, we used protein structure modeling and computational methods to identify amino acid substitutions in the RSV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) predicted to cause various levels of structural perturbation. Twelve different mutations predicted to alter the NS1 protein structure were introduced into infectious virus and analyzed in cell culture for effects on viral mRNA and protein expression, interferon and cytokine expression, and caspase activation. We found the use of structure-based machine learning to predict amino acid substitutions that reduce the thermodynamic stability of NS1 resulted in various levels of loss of NS1 function, exemplified by effects including reduced multi-cycle viral replication in cells competent for type I interferon, reduced expression of viral mRNAs and proteins, and increased interferon and apoptosis responses.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Virus Bioinformatics 2024)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Comparative Pathogenesis of Two Lineages of Powassan Virus Reveals Distinct Clinical Outcome, Neuropathology, and Inflammation
by
Erin S. Reynolds, Charles E. Hart, Jacob T. Nelson, Brandon J. Marzullo, Allen T. Esterly, Dakota N. Paine, Jessica Crooker, Paul T. Massa and Saravanan Thangamani
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 820; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060820 - 22 May 2024
Abstract
Tick-borne flaviviruses (TBFV) can cause severe neuroinvasive disease which may result in death or long-term neurological deficit in over 50% of survivors. Multiple mechanisms for invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) by flaviviruses have been proposed including axonal transport, transcytosis, endothelial infection,
[...] Read more.
Tick-borne flaviviruses (TBFV) can cause severe neuroinvasive disease which may result in death or long-term neurological deficit in over 50% of survivors. Multiple mechanisms for invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) by flaviviruses have been proposed including axonal transport, transcytosis, endothelial infection, and Trojan horse routes. Flaviviruses may utilize different or multiple mechanisms of neuroinvasion depending on the specific virus, infection site, and host variability. In this work we have shown that the infection of BALB/cJ mice with either Powassan virus lineage I (Powassan virus) or lineage II (deer tick virus) results in distinct spatial tropism of infection in the CNS which correlates with unique clinical presentations for each lineage. Comparative transcriptomics of infected brains demonstrates the activation of different immune pathways and downstream host responses. Ultimately, the comparative pathology and transcriptomics are congruent with different clinical signs in a murine model. These results suggest that the different disease presentations occur in clinical cases due to the inherent differences in the two lineages of Powassan virus.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tick-Borne Viruses: Transmission and Surveillance)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Lack of Association of Vascular Risk Factors with HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders in cART-Treated Adults Aged ≥ 50 Years in Tanzania
by
Katherine A. Flack, Emma S. Rainey, Sarah J. Urasa, Sengua Koipapi, Rajesh N. Kalaria, William P. Howlett, Elizabeta B. Mukaetova-Ladinska, Marieke C. J. Dekker, William K. Gray, Richard W. Walker, Catherine L. Dotchin, Himidi Mtwaile, Thomas C. D. Lewis, Lydia G. Stone, Richard J. Q. McNally, Philip C. Makupa and Stella-Maria Paddick
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 819; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060819 - 22 May 2024
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are highly prevalent in those ageing with HIV. High-income country data suggest that vascular risk factors (VRFs) may be stronger predictors of HAND than HIV-disease severity, but data from sub-Saharan Africa are lacking. We evaluated relationships of VRFs, vascular
[...] Read more.
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are highly prevalent in those ageing with HIV. High-income country data suggest that vascular risk factors (VRFs) may be stronger predictors of HAND than HIV-disease severity, but data from sub-Saharan Africa are lacking. We evaluated relationships of VRFs, vascular end-organ damage and HAND in individuals aged ≥ 50 in Tanzania. c-ART-treated individuals were assessed for HAND using consensus criteria. The prevalence of VRFs and end organ damage markers were measured. The independent associations of VRFs, end organ damage and HAND were examined using multivariable logistic regression. Data were available for 153 individuals (median age 56, 67.3% female). HAND was highly prevalent (66.7%, 25.5% symptomatic) despite well-managed HIV (70.5% virally suppressed). Vascular risk factors included hypertension (34%), obesity (10.5%), hypercholesterolemia (33.3%), diabetes (5.3%) and current smoking (4.6%). End organ damage prevalence ranged from 1.3% (prior myocardial infarction) to 12.5% (left ventricular hypertrophy). Measured VRFs and end organ damage were not independently associated with HAND. The only significant association was lower diastolic BP (p 0.030, OR 0.969 (0.943–0.997). Our results suggest that vascular risk factors are not major drivers of HAND in this setting. Further studies should explore alternative aetiologies such as chronic inflammation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV Neurological Disorders)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Update on Early-Life T Cells: Impact on Oral Rotavirus Vaccines
by
Catherine Montenegro, Federico Perdomo-Celis and Manuel A. Franco
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 818; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060818 - 22 May 2024
Abstract
Rotavirus infection continues to be a significant public health problem in developing countries, despite the availability of several vaccines. The efficacy of oral rotavirus vaccines in young children may be affected by significant immunological differences between individuals in early life and adults. Therefore,
[...] Read more.
Rotavirus infection continues to be a significant public health problem in developing countries, despite the availability of several vaccines. The efficacy of oral rotavirus vaccines in young children may be affected by significant immunological differences between individuals in early life and adults. Therefore, understanding the dynamics of early-life systemic and mucosal immune responses and the factors that affect them is essential to improve the current rotavirus vaccines and develop the next generation of mucosal vaccines. This review focuses on the advances in T-cell development during early life in mice and humans, discussing how immune homeostasis and response to pathogens is established in this period compared to adults. Finally, the review explores how this knowledge of early-life T-cell immunity could be utilized to enhance current and novel rotavirus vaccines.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rotaviruses and Rotavirus Vaccines)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Investigating the Genetic Diversity of Hepatitis Delta Virus in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): Impact on Viral Evolution and Oncogenesis in HCC
by
Horng-Heng Juang, Chao-Wei Hsu, Kang-Shuo Chang, Shan-Bei Iang, Yang-Hsiang Lin and Mei Chao
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 817; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060817 - 21 May 2024
Abstract
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV), an RNA virus with two forms of the delta antigen (HDAg), relies on hepatitis B virus (HBV) for envelope proteins essential for hepatocyte entry. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks third in global cancer deaths, yet HDV’s involvement remains uncertain. Among
[...] Read more.
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV), an RNA virus with two forms of the delta antigen (HDAg), relies on hepatitis B virus (HBV) for envelope proteins essential for hepatocyte entry. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks third in global cancer deaths, yet HDV’s involvement remains uncertain. Among 300 HBV-associated HCC serum samples from Taiwan’s National Health Research Institutes, 2.7% (8/300) tested anti-HDV positive, with 62.7% (5/8) of these also HDV RNA positive. Genotyping revealed HDV-2 in one sample, HDV-4 in two, and two samples showed mixed HDV-2/HDV-4 infection with RNA recombination. A mixed-genotype infection revealed novel mutations at the polyadenylation signal, coinciding with the ochre termination codon for the L-HDAg. To delve deeper into the possible oncogenic properties of HDV-2, the predominant genotype in Taiwan, which was previously thought to be less associated with severe disease outcomes, an HDV-2 cDNA clone was isolated from HCC for study. It demonstrated a replication level reaching up to 74% of that observed for a widely used HDV-1 strain in transfected cultured cells. Surprisingly, both forms of HDV-2 HDAg promoted cell migration and invasion, affecting the rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton and the expression of epithelial–mesenchymal transition markers. In summary, this study underscores the prevalence of HDV-2, HDV-4, and their mixed infections in HCC, highlighting the genetic diversity in HCC as well as the potential role of both forms of the HDAg in HCC oncogenesis.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Life Cycle of Hepatitis D Virus (HDV) and HDV-Like Agents)
Open AccessArticle
Capsid Integrity Detection of Enteric Viruses in Reclaimed Waters
by
Pablo Puchades-Colera, Azahara Díaz-Reolid, Inés Girón-Guzmán, Enric Cuevas-Ferrando, Alba Pérez-Cataluña and Gloria Sánchez
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 816; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060816 - 21 May 2024
Abstract
Climate change, unpredictable weather patterns, and droughts are depleting water resources in some parts of the globe, where recycling and reusing wastewater is a strategy for different purposes. To counteract this, the EU regulation for water reuse sets minimum requirements for the use
[...] Read more.
Climate change, unpredictable weather patterns, and droughts are depleting water resources in some parts of the globe, where recycling and reusing wastewater is a strategy for different purposes. To counteract this, the EU regulation for water reuse sets minimum requirements for the use of reclaimed water for agricultural irrigation, including a reduction in human enteric viruses. In the present study, the occurrence of several human enteric viruses, including the human norovirus genogroup I (HuNoV GI), HuNoV GII, and rotavirus (RV), along with viral fecal contamination indicator crAssphage was monitored by using (RT)-qPCR methods on influent wastewater and reclaimed water samples. Moreover, the level of somatic coliphages was also determined as a culturable viral indicator. To assess the potential viral infectivity, an optimization of a capsid integrity PMAxx-RT-qPCR method was performed on sewage samples. Somatic coliphages were present in 60% of the reclaimed water samples, indicating inefficient virus inactivation. Following PMAxx-RT-qPCR optimization, 66% of the samples tested positive for at least one of the analyzed enteric viruses, with concentrations ranging from 2.79 to 7.30 Log10 genome copies (gc)/L. Overall, most of the analyzed reclaimed water samples did not comply with current EU legislation and contained potential infectious viral particles.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Viruses)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Isolation and Molecular Evidence of Tunisian Sheep-like Pestivirus (Pestivirus N) in Persistently Infected Sheep in Northern Italy, 2023
by
Enrica Sozzi, Gabriele Leo, Fatbardha Lamcja, Massimiliano Lazzaro, Cristian Salogni, Davide Lelli, Cristina Bertasio, Giulia Magagna, Ana Moreno, Giovanni Loris Alborali, Moira Bazzucchi and Antonio Lavazza
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 815; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060815 - 21 May 2024
Abstract
Over the last few decades, several pestiviruses have been discovered in ruminants, pigs, and, more recently, in non-ungulate hosts. Consequently, the nomenclature and taxonomy of pestiviruses have been updated. The Tunisian sheep-like pestivirus (TSV, Pestivirus N) is an additional ovine pestivirus genetically
[...] Read more.
Over the last few decades, several pestiviruses have been discovered in ruminants, pigs, and, more recently, in non-ungulate hosts. Consequently, the nomenclature and taxonomy of pestiviruses have been updated. The Tunisian sheep-like pestivirus (TSV, Pestivirus N) is an additional ovine pestivirus genetically closely related to classical swine fever virus (CSFV). In this study, during a survey of pestivirus infections in ovine farms in the Lombardy region of Northern Italy, we identified and isolated a pestivirus strain from a sheep that was found to belong to Pestivirus N species based on its genomic nucleotide identity. The sheep itself and its lamb were found to be persistently infected. We performed molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of three viral genomic regions (a fragment of 5′-UTR, partial Npro, and the whole E2 region). In conclusion, these results confirmed circulating TSV in Northern Italy after notification in Sicily, Italy, and France. Correlation with Italian, Tunisian, and French strains showed that detection might have resulted from the trading of live animals between countries, which supports the need for health control measures.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pestivirus 2023)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Rotavirus NSP2: A Master Orchestrator of Early Viral Particle Assembly
by
Sarah L. Nichols, Cyril Haller, Alexander Borodavka and Sarah M. Esstman
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 814; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060814 - 21 May 2024
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are 11-segmented, double-stranded (ds) RNA viruses and important causes of acute gastroenteritis in humans and other animal species. Early RV particle assembly is a multi-step process that includes the assortment, packaging and replication of the 11 genome segments in close connection
[...] Read more.
Rotaviruses (RVs) are 11-segmented, double-stranded (ds) RNA viruses and important causes of acute gastroenteritis in humans and other animal species. Early RV particle assembly is a multi-step process that includes the assortment, packaging and replication of the 11 genome segments in close connection with capsid morphogenesis. This process occurs inside virally induced, cytosolic, membrane-less organelles called viroplasms. While many viral and cellular proteins play roles during early RV assembly, the octameric nonstructural protein 2 (NSP2) has emerged as a master orchestrator of this key stage of the viral replication cycle. NSP2 is critical for viroplasm biogenesis as well as for the selective RNA–RNA interactions that underpin the assortment of 11 viral genome segments. Moreover, NSP2’s associated enzymatic activities might serve to maintain nucleotide pools for use during viral genome replication, a process that is concurrent with early particle assembly. The goal of this review article is to summarize the available data about the structures, functions and interactions of RV NSP2 while also drawing attention to important unanswered questions in the field.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rotaviruses and Rotavirus Vaccines)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Experimental Infection Models and Their Usefulness for White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) Research in Shrimp
by
Natasja Cox, Evelien De Swaef, Mathias Corteel, Wim Van Den Broeck, Peter Bossier, Hans J. Nauwynck and João J. Dantas-Lima
Viruses 2024, 16(5), 813; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050813 - 20 May 2024
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is marked as one of the most economically devastating pathogens in shrimp aquaculture worldwide. Infection of cultured shrimp can lead to mass mortality (up to 100%). Although progress has been made, our understanding of WSSV’s infection process and
[...] Read more.
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is marked as one of the most economically devastating pathogens in shrimp aquaculture worldwide. Infection of cultured shrimp can lead to mass mortality (up to 100%). Although progress has been made, our understanding of WSSV’s infection process and the virus–host–environment interaction is far from complete. This in turn hinders the development of effective mitigation strategies against WSSV. Infection models occupy a crucial first step in the research flow that tries to elucidate the infectious disease process to develop new antiviral treatments. Moreover, since the establishment of continuous shrimp cell lines is a work in progress, the development and use of standardized in vivo infection models that reflect the host–pathogen interaction in shrimp is a necessity. This review critically examines key aspects of in vivo WSSV infection model development that are often overlooked, such as standardization, (post)larval quality, inoculum type and choice of inoculation procedure, housing conditions, and shrimp welfare considerations. Furthermore, the usefulness of experimental infection models for different lines of WSSV research will be discussed with the aim to aid researchers when choosing a suitable model for their research needs.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Models for Virology Research)
Open AccessArticle
West Nile Virus Subgenomic RNAs Modulate Gene Expression in a Neuronal Cell Line
by
Maria Bampali, Adamantia Kouvela, Nikolaos Kesesidis, Katerina Kassela, Nikolas Dovrolis and Ioannis Karakasiliotis
Viruses 2024, 16(5), 812; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050812 - 20 May 2024
Abstract
Subgenomic flaviviral RNAs (sfRNAs) are small non-coding products of the incomplete degradation of viral genomic RNA. They accumulate during flaviviral infection and have been associated with many functional roles inside the host cell. Studies so far have demonstrated that sfRNA plays a crucial
[...] Read more.
Subgenomic flaviviral RNAs (sfRNAs) are small non-coding products of the incomplete degradation of viral genomic RNA. They accumulate during flaviviral infection and have been associated with many functional roles inside the host cell. Studies so far have demonstrated that sfRNA plays a crucial role in determining West Nile virus (WNV) pathogenicity. However, its modulatory role on neuronal homeostasis has not been studied in depth. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of sfRNA biosynthesis and its importance for WNV replication in neuronal cells. We found that sfRNA1 is functionally redundant for both replication and translation of WNV. However, the concurrent absence of sfRNA1 and sfRNA2 species is detrimental for the survival of the virus. Differential expression analysis on RNA-seq data from WT and ΔsfRNA replicon cell lines revealed transcriptional changes induced by sfRNA and identified a number of putative targets. Overall, it was shown that sfRNA contributes to the viral evasion by suppressing the interferon-mediated antiviral response. An additional differential expression analysis among replicon and control Neuro2A cells also clarified the transcriptional changes that support WNV replication in neuronal cells. Increased levels of translation and oxidative phosphorylation, post-translational modification processes, and activated DNA repair pathways were observed in replicon cell lines, while developmental processes such as axonal growth were deficient.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Viruses)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Advancements in Research on Duck Tembusu Virus Infections
by
Yuting Cheng, Ruoheng Wang, Qingguo Wu, Jinying Chen, Anping Wang, Zhi Wu, Fang Sun and Shanyuan Zhu
Viruses 2024, 16(5), 811; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050811 - 20 May 2024
Abstract
Duck Tembusu Virus (DTMUV) is a pathogen of the Flaviviridae family that causes infections in poultry, leading to significant economic losses in the duck farming industry in recent years. Ducks infected with this virus exhibit clinical symptoms such as decreased egg production and
[...] Read more.
Duck Tembusu Virus (DTMUV) is a pathogen of the Flaviviridae family that causes infections in poultry, leading to significant economic losses in the duck farming industry in recent years. Ducks infected with this virus exhibit clinical symptoms such as decreased egg production and neurological disorders, along with serious consequences such as ovarian hemorrhage, organ enlargement, and necrosis. Variations in morbidity and mortality rates exist across different age groups of ducks. It is worth noting that DTMUV is not limited to ducks alone; it can also spread to other poultry such as chickens and geese, and antibodies related to DTMUV have even been found in duck farm workers, suggesting a potential risk of zoonotic transmission. This article provides a detailed overview of DTMUV research, delving into its genomic characteristics, vaccines, and the interplay with host immune responses. These in-depth research findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the virus’s transmission mechanism and pathogenic process, offering crucial scientific support for epidemic prevention and control.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Viruses)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
A Prospective Study Investigating Immune Checkpoint Molecule and CD39 Expression on Peripheral Blood Cells for the Prognostication of COVID-19 Severity and Mortality
by
Thilo Gambichler, Jonas Rüth, Silke Goesmann, Stefan Höxtermann, Marina Skrygan, Laura Susok, Jürgen C. Becker, Oliver Overheu, Wolfgang Schmidt and Anke Reinacher-Schick
Viruses 2024, 16(5), 810; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050810 - 20 May 2024
Abstract
In patients with COVID-19, broad panels of immune checkpoint molecules (ICPMs) and the purinergic signaling have not been studied in parallel. We aimed to perform in-depth immunophenotyping of major cell subsets present in human peripheral blood of COVID-19 patients and controls using PD1,
[...] Read more.
In patients with COVID-19, broad panels of immune checkpoint molecules (ICPMs) and the purinergic signaling have not been studied in parallel. We aimed to perform in-depth immunophenotyping of major cell subsets present in human peripheral blood of COVID-19 patients and controls using PD1, TIM3, LAG3, TIGIT, and CD200R, as well as CD39, as markers for the purinergic signaling pathway. We studied 76 COVID-19 patients and 12 healthy controls using peripheral blood mononuclear cells on flow cytometry. Univariable and multivariable statistics were performed. All ICPMs studied were significantly overexpressed on different cell subsets of COVID-19 patients when compared with healthy controls. Elevated lactate dehydrogenase; C-reactive protein; age; and high expression of CD45+, CD39+CD45+, TIM3+CD39+CD4+CD45+, and TIM3+CD39+CD8+CD3+CD4+ cells were significantly associated with severe COVID-19. On multivariable analysis, however, only high expression of CD39+CD45+ (OR 51.4, 95% CI 1.5 to 1763) and TIM3+CD39+CD4+CD3+CD45+ (OR 22.6, 95% CI 1.8 to 277) cells was an independent predictor for severe COVID-19. In conclusion, numerous ICPMs are overexpressed in COVID-19 patients when compared with healthy controls, suggesting a pathophysiological role of these molecules in SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, only TIM3 in co-expression with CD39 remained as a significant independent prognostic ICPM on multivariable analysis. The flow cytometric evaluation of TIM3+CD39+CD4+CD3+CD45+, as well as CD39+CD45+, is a powerful tool for the prognostication of COVID-19 patients on hospital admission.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Coronaviruses)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Evolutionary Profile of Mayaro Virus in the Americas: An Update into Genome Variability
by
Mikaela dos Santos Marinho, Giulia Magalhães Ferreira, Victória Riquena Grosche, Nilson Nicolau-Junior, Túlio de Lima Campos, Igor Andrade Santos and Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim
Viruses 2024, 16(5), 809; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050809 - 20 May 2024
Abstract
The Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an arbovirus with emerging potential, though with a limited understanding of its epidemiology and evolution due to the lack of studies and surveillance. Here, we investigated 71 MAYV genome sequences from the Americas available at GenBank and characterized
[...] Read more.
The Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an arbovirus with emerging potential, though with a limited understanding of its epidemiology and evolution due to the lack of studies and surveillance. Here, we investigated 71 MAYV genome sequences from the Americas available at GenBank and characterized the phylogenetic relationship among virus strains. A phylogenetic analysis showed that sequences were grouped according to the genotypes L, D, and N. Genotype D sequences were closely related to sequences collected in adjacent years and from their respective countries, suggesting that isolates may have originated from circulating lineages. The coalescent analysis demonstrated similar results, indicating the continuous circulation of the virus between countries as well. An unidentified sequence from the USA was grouped with genotype D, suggesting the insertion of this genotype in the country. Furthermore, the recombination analysis detected homologous and three heterologous hybrids which presented an insertion into the nsP3 protein. Amino acid substitutions among sequences indicated selective pressure sites, suggesting viral adaptability. This also impacted the binding affinity between the E1–E2 protein complex and the Mxra8 receptor, associated with MAYV entry into human cells. These results provide information for a better understanding of genotypes circulating in the Americas.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chikungunya Virus and Emerging Alphaviruses—Volume II)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessBrief Report
The Outbreak of Unexplained Acute Hepatitis in Children: The Role of Viral Infections in View of the COVID-19 Pandemic
by
Eyal Shteyer, Orna Mor, Orith Waisbourd-Zinman, Yael Mozer-Glazberg, Ronen Arnon, Lior Hecht Sagie, Michal Mandelboim, Oran Erster, Merav Weil, Sara Dovrat, Lital Goldberg and Yael Gozlan
Viruses 2024, 16(5), 808; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050808 - 20 May 2024
Abstract
Background and Aims: An increase in the number of cases of acute hepatitis of unknown origin (HUO) in children was observed in 2021. Adenovirus and adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) infections have been suggested as possible triggers. However, the potential etiology is still unclear.
[...] Read more.
Background and Aims: An increase in the number of cases of acute hepatitis of unknown origin (HUO) in children was observed in 2021. Adenovirus and adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) infections have been suggested as possible triggers. However, the potential etiology is still unclear. We aimed to characterize a cohort of children with HUO in Israel in view of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Demographics, clinical data, and laboratory results on the children compatible with the CDC criteria for HUO were collected by the established registry of the Ministry of Health. Available specimens were sent to the Central Virology Laboratory. Results: A total of 39 children were included in the registry. A total of 20 were enrolled prospectively, in which human herpes virus 6 (HHV6) infection or reactivation was identified in 11/19, adenovirus was found in 4/19 of the cases, and AAV2 was detected in 2/16. Past COVID-19 exposure was recorded for 24/39 of the children. A total of 10 children underwent liver biopsy, and 8 were successfully treated with steroids and 2 underwent liver transplantation. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic and the related containment measures combined with reactivation or active infection with other viruses could have been a trigger for the HUO outbreak. In our cohort, HHV6 was the most abundant finding.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Influence of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Epidemiology of Other Human Viral Infections)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Dengue Virus and Zika Virus Seroprevalence in the South Pacific Populations of the Cook Islands and Vanuatu
by
Charlotte E. B. Saretzki, Gerhard Dobler, Elizabeth Iro, Nicole Heussen and Thomas Küpper
Viruses 2024, 16(5), 807; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050807 - 19 May 2024
Abstract
Arboviral diseases are serious threats to global health with increasing prevalence and potentially severe complications. Significant arthropod-borne viruses are the dengue viruses (DENV 1-4), the Zika virus (ZIKV), and the chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Among the areas most affected is the South Pacific Region
[...] Read more.
Arboviral diseases are serious threats to global health with increasing prevalence and potentially severe complications. Significant arthropod-borne viruses are the dengue viruses (DENV 1-4), the Zika virus (ZIKV), and the chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Among the areas most affected is the South Pacific Region (SPR). Here, arboviruses not only cause a high local burden of disease, but the region has also proven to contribute to their global spread. Outpatient serum samples collected between 08/2016 and 04/2017 on three islands of the island states of Vanuatu and the Cook Islands were tested for anti-DENV- and anti-ZIKV-specific antibodies (IgG) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). ELISA test results showed 89% of all test sera from the Cook Islands and 85% of the Vanuatu samples to be positive for anti-DENV-specific antibodies. Anti-ZIKV antibodies were identified in 66% and 52%, respectively, of the test populations. Statistically significant differences in standardized immunity levels were found only at the intranational level. Our results show that in both the Cook Islands and Vanuatu, residents were exposed to significant Flavivirus transmission. Compared to other seroprevalence studies, the marked difference between ZIKV immunity levels and previously published CHIKV seroprevalence rates in our study populations is surprising. We propose the timing of ZIKV and CHIKV emergence in relation to recurrent DENV outbreaks and the impact of seasonality as explanatory external factors for this observation. Our data add to the knowledge of arboviral epidemics in the SPR and contribute to a better understanding of virus spread, including external conditions with potential influence on outbreak dynamics. These data may support preventive and rapid response measures in the affected areas, travel-related risk assessment, and infection identification in locals and returning travelers.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mosquito-Borne Virus Discovery, Diagnostics and Vaccines)
Open AccessArticle
Molecular Methods for the Simultaneous Detection of Tomato Fruit Blotch Virus and Identification of Tomato Russet Mite, a New Potential Virus–Vector System Threatening Solanaceous Crops Worldwide
by
Marta Luigi, Antonio Tiberini, Anna Taglienti, Sabrina Bertin, Immacolata Dragone, Anna Sybilska, Franca Tarchi, Donatella Goggioli, Mariusz Lewandowski, Sauro Simoni and Francesco Faggioli
Viruses 2024, 16(5), 806; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050806 - 18 May 2024
Abstract
Tomato fruit blotch virus (ToFBV) (Blunervirus solani, family Kitaviridae) was firstly identified in Italy in 2018 in tomato plants that showed the uneven, blotchy ripening and dimpling of fruits. Subsequent High-Throughput Sequencing (HTS) analysis allowed ToFBV to be identified in
[...] Read more.
Tomato fruit blotch virus (ToFBV) (Blunervirus solani, family Kitaviridae) was firstly identified in Italy in 2018 in tomato plants that showed the uneven, blotchy ripening and dimpling of fruits. Subsequent High-Throughput Sequencing (HTS) analysis allowed ToFBV to be identified in samples collected in Australia, Brazil, and several European countries, and its presence in tomato crops was dated back to 2012. In 2023, the virus was found to be associated with two outbreaks in Italy and Belgium, and it was included in the EPPO Alert list as a potential new threat for tomato fruit production. Many epidemiologic features of ToFBV need to be still clarified, including transmission. Aculops lycopersici Massee (Acariformes: Eriophyoidea), the tomato russet mite (TRM), is a likely candidate vector, since high population densities were found in most of the ToFBV-infected tomato cultivations worldwide. Real-time RT-PCR tests for ToFBV detection and TRM identification were developed, also as a duplex assay. The optimized tests were then transferred to an RT-ddPCR assay and validated according to the EPPO Standard PM 7/98 (5). Such sensitive, reliable, and validated tests provide an important diagnostic tool in view of the probable threat posed by this virus–vector system to solanaceous crops worldwide and can contribute to epidemiological studies by simplifying the efficiency of research. To our knowledge, these are the first molecular methods developed for the simultaneous detection and identification of ToFBV and TRM.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Plant Virus/Viroid Detection and Identification Methods)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Journal Menu
► ▼ Journal Menu-
- Viruses Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Reviewer Board
- Topical Advisory Panel
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Topics
- Sections & Collections
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Editor’s Choice Articles
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Society Collaborations
- Conferences
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
► ▼ Journal BrowserHighly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Diseases, Infectious Disease Reports, Pathogens, Viruses, TropicalMed
Human Monkeypox Research
Topic Editors: Shailendra K. Saxena, Ahmed Sayed Abdel-MoneimDeadline: 30 June 2024
Topic in
Biomedicines, JCM, Pathogens, Vaccines, Viruses
Discovery and Development of Monkeypox Disease Treatments
Topic Editors: Mohd Imran, Ali A. RabaanDeadline: 31 August 2024
Topic in
Brain Sciences, Clinics and Practice, COVID, Life, Vaccines, Viruses
Multifaceted Efforts from Basic Research to Clinical Practice in Controlling COVID-19 Disease
Topic Editors: Yih-Horng Shiao, Rashi OjhaDeadline: 30 September 2024
Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Viruses
Bacteriophages and Biofilms 2.0
Guest Editors: Zuzanna Drulis-Kawa, Tomasz OlszakDeadline: 31 May 2024
Special Issue in
Viruses
The Inflammasomes - Key Players in Antiviral Response
Guest Editors: Dong-Yan Jin, Tsan Sam XiaoDeadline: 15 June 2024
Special Issue in
Viruses
State-of-the-Art Virology Research in Australia
Guest Editors: Timothy Newsome, Barry SlobedmanDeadline: 30 June 2024
Special Issue in
Viruses
Novel Vaccines for Porcine Viruses
Guest Editors: Levon Abrahamyan, Alexander ZakhartchoukDeadline: 15 July 2024
Topical Collections
Topical Collection in
Viruses
Poxviruses
Collection Editors: Giliane de Souza Trindade, Galileu Barbosa Costa, Flavio Guimaraes da Fonseca
Topical Collection in
Viruses
Phage Therapy
Collection Editors: Nina Chanishvili, Jean-Paul Pirnay, Mikael Skurnik
Topical Collection in
Viruses
Coronaviruses
Collection Editors: Luis Martinez-Sobrido, Fernando Almazan Toral
Topical Collection in
Viruses
SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
Collection Editors: Luis Martinez-Sobrido, Fernando Almazan Toral